This experience exposed them to Western revolutionary ideas, particularly Italian liberal movements including the Giovine Italia Young Italy. But who would be their Garibaldi?
He visited the Eyalet of Vidin now in Bulgaria with his father for a year before he was admitted to public office at age 12, a common practice for Ottoman public offices until the end of the 19th century. Midhat Pasha could be considered a graduate of the Ottoman state itself.
He also received private lessons on linguistics, logic, Islamic law and philosophy. Eyalet rotation was at the core of the Ottoman imperial bureaucratic tradition, which purported that its public servants should know everything about the Ottoman territories and their diverse characteristics. Midhat would soak up the experiences garnered from his eyalet posts and handle a customs issue between Damascus and Aleppo, helping him to quickly rise through the ranks.
He was only 21 years old when he was sent to Damascus as a special investigator looking into the finances of the army headquarters in Arabia. Midhat Pasha proved himself as a bureaucrat in a considerably short time. He worked in every region of the empire. However, he had some troubles, too, as any brilliant Ottoman bureaucrat would have.
Once, as he was handling aid work after the Bursa earthquake in , a senior bureaucrat sued him with the accusation of misconduct in public office, though he was acquitted after a trial before the Meclis-i Vala, Supreme Council for Judiciary. This was just before he was appointed as the extraordinary governor of Nis Eyalet now in Serbia , which was a very difficult territory at that time.
He managed to provide security in the eyalet and had roads and bridges constructed. Thanks to his success in Nis, the Sanjak of Prizren was also given under his control. In , Midhat Pasha was appointed as the governor of the newly established Vilayet of Danube, which included the previous Nis, Silistra and Vidin eyalets. His accomplishments convinced the central government to apply the new provincial system to all Ottoman territories.
When Midhat Pasha returned to Istanbul in , he was at a fascinating point in his career. Review a Brill Book.
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Intellectual History. Middle East and Islamic Studies. Social Sciences. Table of Contents. Sign in to annotate. Esat served as the chief of staff of the 1 st Infantry Division during the Ottoman-Greek War of He was promoted to major general in and lieutenant general in One year later, he was assigned as the acting commander of the Third Field Army in Salonika. Under the leadership of Committee of Union and Progress they were planning to stage a coup or a rebellion. Esat Pasha remained aloof from the government effort to combat and prosecute partisan officers, most of whom were his previous students.
He was dismissed from duty and placed under surveillance one year later. Although the conspirators successfully carried out their much anticipated rebellion and forced the Sultan to accept their demands Esat Pasha did not benefit from this.
After the successful Young Turk Revolution, Esat was treated as a functionary of the old regime and demoted to the rank of brigadier general. He barely spent a year in this position before being assigned to his hometown, Janina, as the commanding general of the 23 rd Division. Because of these multiple assignments, Esat was very knowledgeable about Gallipoli and its surrounding areas.
After the mobilization decree of , Esat Pasha was assigned to be the commanding general of the newly activated independent Janina Army Corps. He was tasked with defending Janina province at all costs. Though relief forces were not forthcoming and unrest within the local population was growing, he withstood Greek attacks for three more months behind the fortifications of Janina.
He surrendered on 6 March and spent the rest of the war as a prisoner of the Greeks. Esat Pasha returned from captivity in December Not only did he receive credit for his defense of Janina but also avoided the large-scale army purge.
He established an extensive training program and dealt with most of the problems born out of the Balkan Wars. Previously the Fortified Zone Command which was now in charge of the defence of the Strait had been the sole guardian of the Peninsula. Esat Pasha dealt with them diplomatically and achieved remarkable harmony but this lasted only a few months. Otto Liman von Sanders , the Fifth Army Commander was tasked with carrying out the land defense of the Dardanelles region on 26 March
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