Once you confirm your address, you will begin to receive the newsletter. Definitions by TechTerms. Tech Factor? First Name:. Suggested Reading For further information about the Internet and its protocols in general, you may choose to obtain copies of the following works as well as some of the works listed as References: Krol, Ed.
O'Reilly and Assoc. Sebastopol, CA. Dern, Daniel P. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, NY. Fisher, Sharon. Frey, Donnalyn and Rick Adams.
Hoffman, Ellen and Lenore Jackson. Kehoe, Brendan P. LaQuey, Tracy with Jeanne C. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Malkin, Gary, S. Marine, April, et al. Martin, Jerry. Quarterman, John. RFC References [1] Reynolds, J. Condensed Glossary As with any profession, computers have a particular terminology all their own. Below is a condensed glossary to assist in making some sense of the Internet world.
ACM Association for Computing Machinery A group established in to promote professional development and research on computers. An electronic mail address is the string of characters that you must give an electronic mail program to direct a message to a particular person. A MAC address is the hardware address of a device connected to a shared media. See "internet address" for its definition. AI Artificial Intelligence The branch of computer science which deals with the simulation of human intelligence by computer systems.
Standards approved by this organization are often called ANSI standards e. See also: International Organization for Standardization. ARP Address Resolution Protocol Used to dynamically discover the low level physical network hardware address that corresponds to the high level IP address for a given host.
ARP is limited to physical network systems that support broadcast packets that can be heard by all hosts on the network. Department of Defense responsible for the development of new technology for use by the military.
It served as the basis for early networking research as well as a central backbone during the development of the Internet. AS Autonomous System A collection of routers under a single administrative authority using a common Interior Gateway Protocol for routing packets. B Byte One character of information, usually eight bits wide.
See CREN. The Internet is an example of a catenet. The core gateway system forms a central part of Internet routing in that all groups had to advertise paths to their networks from a core gateway. Datagram A self-contained, independent entity of data carrying sufficient information to be routed from the source to the destination computer without reliance on earlier exchanges between this source and destination computer and the transporting network.
See DISA. See also: DISA. It is also a primary repository for RFCs, and a delegated registration authority for military networks. The principal use is the lookup of host IP addresses based on host names. The style of host names now used in the Internet is called "domain name", because they are the style of names used to look up anything in the DNS.
Some important domains are:. COM commercial ,. EDU educational ,. NET network operations ,. GOV U. MIL U. Most countries also have a domain. For example,. US United States ,. UK United Kingdom ,.
AU Australia. DOD U. Department of Energy dot address dotted address notation Dot address refers to the common notation for IP addresses of the form A. D; where each letter represents, in decimal, one byte of a four byte IP address. Dynamic Adaptive Routing Automatic rerouting of traffic based on a sensing and analysis of current actual network conditions. NOTE: this does not include cases of routing decisions taken on predefined information.
EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol A protocol which distributes routing information to the routers which connect autonomous systems. The term "gateway" is historical, as "router" is currently the preferred term.
The underlying medium is fiber optics, and the topology is a dual-attached, counter-rotating token ring. Also, FTP is usually the name of the program the user invokes to execute the protocol. A header is also the part of an electronic mail message that precedes the body of a message and contains, among other things, the message originator, date and time. It allows for the generation of error messages,test packets and informational messages related to IP.
It is a major source of proposed protocol standards which are submitted to the Internet Engineering Steering Group for final approval.
The IETF meets three times a year and extensive minutes of the plenary proceedings are issued. Internet The Internet note the capital "I" is the largest internet in the world. Is a three level hierarchy composed of backbone networks e. The Internet is a multiprotocol internet. It is usually represented in dotted decimal notation. An internet, or IP, address uniquely identifies a node on an internet. It is a connectionless, best-effort packet switching protocol.
ISO International Organization for Standardization A voluntary, nontreaty organization founded in which is responsible for creating international standards in many areas, including computers and communications. Its members are the national standards organizations of the 89 member countries, including ANSI for the U.
It was the first symbolic as opposed to numeric computer processing language. The MAC differs for various physical media. Mac Apple Macintosh computer. Such networks are being implemented by innovative techniques, such as running fiber cables through subway tunnels. It is part of the DDN and the Internet. This may be an empirical measurement or a calculation based on the MTTF of component parts. This is usually an empirical measurement. For a class A network, the network address is the first byte of the IP address.
For a class B network, the network address is the first two bytes of the IP address. For a class C network, the network address is the first three bytes of the IP address. In each case, the remainder is the host address. In the Internet, assigned network addresses are globally unique.
This protocol has been incorporated in products by more than two hundred companies, and is now a de facto Internet standard. Additionally, this center usually serves as a clearinghouse for connectivity problems and efforts to resolve those problems. NSF funds science researchers, scientific projects, and infrastructure to improve the quality of scientific research. At the highest level is a backbone network which spans the continental United States.
Attached to that are mid-level networks and attached to the mid-levels are campus and local networks. It is to mid-level networks that local sites connect. The mid-level networks were once called "regionals". OSI Reference Model A seven-layer structure designed to describe computer network architectures and the way that data passes through them.
This model was developed by the ISO in to clearly define the interfaces in multivendor networks, and to provide users of those networks with conceptual guidelines in the construction of such networks. Protocols can describe low-level details of machine-to-machine interfaces e. RFC The document series, begun in , which describes the Internet suite of protocols and related experiments. The forwarding decision is based on network layer information and routing tables, often constructed by routing protocols.
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Monday, July InterNIC is the registrar of the most valuable domain names, such as ". The protest is the latest move in the heated debate over who will control the Internet naming system, which has turned into a lucrative business as commercial entities fight to establish brand awareness by using the most coveted names. For example, the name "business.
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